Piridoksal hidroklorid (65-22-5)

Piridoksal hidroklorid (65-22-5) Spekifikacije

Piridoksal hidroklorid (65-22-5) NMR spektar

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What is Pyridoxal Hydrochloride?

Pyridoxal hydrochloride is a form of vitamin B6. As a 4-carbaldehyde form of vitamin B6, it is made by mixing pyridoxal with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a nutritional supplement. Its chemical formula is C8H10ClNO3. Its IUPAC name is 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl pyridine-4-carbaldehyde hydrochloride.

This substance belongs to the organic compound class called pyridoxal and its derivatives. These contain a pyridoxal moiety with a pyridine ring having substitutions at various points. These substitution points include the methyl group in position 2, the hydroxyl group in position 3, the carbaldehyde group in position 4, and the hydroxymethyl group in position 5.

Pyridoxal hydrochloride is used in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. It is needed to maintain the health of nerves, skin, and red blood cells. It is used by the body to make neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine. It also helps to make sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid. Pyridoxal hydrochloride gets converted to pyridoxal 5-phosphate, a coenzyme for synthesizing amino acids.

Since vitamin B6 cannot be produced by the body it needs to be consumed from various sources or through supplements. It exists in multiple forms one among them is pyridoxal which is a 4-carboxaldehyde form of vitamin B6 and also a cofactor for numerous metabolic activities.

Pyridoxal hydrochloride is a salt form of pyridoxal and is readily converted in the pyridoxal phosphate which is also known as PLP after administration and functions as a coenzyme for metabolic activity.

How Does Pyridoxal Hydrochloride Work?

Vitamin B6 has three forms in nature: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine, all of which convert into their active form in the body and are called pyridoxal 5’-phosphate. The symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency are seborrheic dermatitis, microcytic anemia, glossitis, convulsions, peripheral neuropathy, depression, etc. Vitamin B6 is also to treat isoniazid overdose, false morel mushroom poisoning, hydrazine exposure, etc. Pyridoxal hydrochloride can act as a supplement to replenish vitamin B6 in the body.

Pyridoxal hydrochloride is a precursor of pyridoxal 5’- phosphate. After consuming pyridoxal hydrochloride, it gets converted to pyridoxal 5-phosphate in the hepatocytes and mucosal cells of the intestines. It is then taken up by the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body. It is involved in many kinds of metabolic reactions. This includes the formation and metabolism of amino acids and glycogen. It can also help to synthesize nucleic acids, hemoglobin, and neurotransmitters.

Pyridoxal 5’-phosphate is a coenzyme involved in amino acid metabolism. It behaves as a coenzyme in all of the transamination reactions. It is also involved in the oxidation and deamination reaction of amino acids.

The aldehyde group present in pyridoxal 5’-phosphate forms a Schiff-base linkage with the epsilon-amino group of a specific lysine group of aminotransferase enzymes. The alpha-amino group of the amino acid substrate then displaces the epsilon-amino group. This results in the formation of an adimine, which gets deprotonated. After this, it becomes a quinoid intermediate which accepts protons at different positions and finally becomes a ketimine. Ketimine then gets hydrolyzed so that the amino group remains on the protein complex.

Pyridoxal hydrochloride also helps to synthesize neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid.

Pyridoxal hydrochloride has not been approved for use by the FDA yet.

sinteza

Pyridoxal hydrochloride is synthesized from the organic reaction by reacting pyridoxamine with one molar of hydrochloric acid. Pyridoxal hydrochloride can also be synthesized through selective oxidation. The reaction consists of taking pyridoxine hydrochloride as a starting material and a method of catalytic oxidation would be carried out in the water. The catalytic oxidation includes an oxygen source, a catalyst, an inorganic salt, and an amine ligand. The end product of catalytic oxidation would be pyridoxal hydrochloride.

Pharmacokinetics of Pyridoxal Hydrochloride

apsorpcija: They are easily absorbed by passive diffusion and their absorption is mostly localized in the intestinal mucosal cells which are rich in pyridoxine kinase and pyridoxal phosphate.

Metabolizam: Most of these organic compounds are taken up by the liver and the resulting uptake is performed by carrier-mediated diffusion and metabolic trapping as phosphate compounds. The phosphorylation of the compounds occurs readily in the liver.

distribucija: Free pyridoxal phosphate in the liver is hydrolyzed to pyridoxal, which is later exported and binds to hemoglobin and albumin in the erythrocytes. The dephosphorylated part leaves the cell by diffusion and hence there would be little accumulation of pyridoxal phosphate in the tissues.

Izlučivanje: The free pyridoxal remaining in the liver is rapidly oxidized to 4-pyridoxic acid and it is the main excretory product of the compound. Oxidation to 4-pyridoxic acid is mediated by aldehyde dehydrogenase, which is widely present in numerous tissues, the oxidation is also undertaken by renal and hepatic aldehyde oxidase enzymes. The key route of excretion of pyridoxal hydrochloride after metabolism is through urine.

Benefits of Pyridoxal Hydrochloride

There are several uses for pyridoxal hydrochloride. However, most of these uses are still under research and cannot be considered definite uses for this compound.

Here are some of the benefits of pyridoxal hydrochloride

Effect on Diabetic Nephropathy

Pyridoxal hydrochloride’s resultant product pyridoxal 5’-phosphate can inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). It does this by trapping 3-deoxyglucosone. In a study with streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, they were treated with pyridoxal 5-phosphate for 16 weeks [1]. The results showed a significant decrease in albuminuria, glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial expansion, and interstitial fibrosis. It also decreased the levels of AGEs. Hence, over the long run, pyridoxal hydrochloride may lower the nephropathy that occurs in diabetes.

Effect as a Metabolite

Pyridoxal hydrochloride and pyrimidine 5’-phosphate act as vital substances needed during metabolic reactions. Their ability to act as a coenzyme is required by both the ljudsko tijelo as well as various organisms and bacterias such as Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mice. They are necessary to produce various compounds needed in the body.

Effect on Neurotransmitters

Pyridoxal hydrochloride can help in making various neurotransmitters in the body.

Uticaj na anemiju

In some anemias, vitamin B6 is necessary to provide as a supplement. Pyridoxal hydrochloride could help provide the necessary pyridoxal 5’-phosphate to treat such conditions.

Use in Medical Research

Pyridoxal 5’-phosphate, the resultant compound of pyridoxal hydrochloride, is necessary for some medically relevant bacteria. It is to ensure their proper growth. It includes bacterias such as Granulicatella and Abiotrophia [2]. The nutritional need of pyridoxal hydrochloride can cause the cultural phenomenon of satellite growth in these bacterias. In in vitro culture, these bacteria may grow only in places where there are other pyridoxal-forming bacteria. One of the main points about the pyridoxal compound is that it may have evolved as the most ancient aerobic metabolism reaction on earth.

Side Effects of Pyridoxal Hydrochloride

• Iritacija kože
• Preosjetljivost
• Nadraživanje disanja
• mučnina
• povraćanje
• periferna neuropatija
• Decreased sensation
• glavobolja
• Neumnost
• Tingling
• Stomak je uznemiren

Interactions of Pyridoxal Hydrochloride With Other Drugs

There is not enough information about pyridoxal hydrochloride’s direct interaction with other drugs. However, there is known information about its resultant compound pyridoxal 5’-phosphate’s interaction with other medications.

Some of these interactions are:

Amiodaron — On interaction with pyridoxine 5’-phosphate, it may increase sensitivity to light, causing sunburns, etc.

fenitoin — Pyridoxine 5’-phosphate may increase the metabolism of phenytoin in the body, causing lesser effectiveness of the latter.

Phenobarbital — Pyridoxine 5’-phosphate may increase the breakdown time of phenobarbital.

levodopa — It may cause rapid metabolism of levodopa.

While pyridoxine deficiency is known to occur in pregnancy and breastfeeding, there is no information about the effects of pyridoxal hydrochloride in these conditions. Hence, it is recommended to exercise caution.

Where to Buy Pyridoxal Hydrochloride in 2021?

You can buy pyridoxal hydrochloride powder directly from the pyridoxal hydrochloride manufacturer company. It is available in the amount of 1kg per bag or 15kg per drum. However, this can be adjusted according to the needs of the user. This powder needs to be stored at a temperature of 0 to 4 ° for the short term and in -20 °C for the long term.

Pyridoxal hydrochloride powder is available in a white or off-white colored powder form. It is made with the finest ingredients under strict supervision to ensure that the users get the very best product.

reference

1. Nakamura, S., Li, H., Adijiang, A., Pischetsrieder, M., & Niwa, T. (2007). Pyridoxal phosphate prevents the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Nefrološka transplantacija dijalize, 22(8), 2165-2174.
2. Kitada, K., Okada, Y., Kanamoto, T., & Inoue, M. (2000). Serological properties of Abiotrophia and Granulicatella species (nutritionally variant streptococci). Mikrobiologija i imunologija, 44(12), 981-985.

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